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"Election Administration in the United
States"
1934, by Joseph P. Harris, Ph.D.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology is pleased to
make available for download the landmark book on election
administration, Election Administration in the
United States,
by Joseph P. Harris, Ph.D.
This book is
reprinted with permission of the Brookings Institution Press,
Copyright 1934, All Rights Reserved. NIST wishes to thank the
Brookings Institution for making this out-of-print book available
for download from this site.
The
book can be downloaded as
one large (130 MB) file or by individual chapters, as detailed
below.
I. INTRODUCTION:
THE PROBLEM OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF ELECTIONS;
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Problem
Brief History of Election Administration
In the colonies
After the Revolution
Recent tendencies
II. A MODEL
ELECTION ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM
Specifications for the System
General Changes in the Election Laws
A Model Election Administration Code
III. OVERHEAD
ORGANIZATION
State Control
County and City Officers
Boards of Election
Organization
Qualifications
Selection
Term and salary
Powers
IV. THE RANK AND
FILE
Office Employees
Precinct Officers
Number and compensation
Qualifications
Selection
Discipline
Summary and Conclusions
V. BALLOTS
History of the Australian Ballot
Form of the Ballot
Variations from the usual types of
ballots
Party emblems
Use of party, residence, occupation,
etc., on the ballot
Placing Names of Candidates on the Ballot
Provisions for Candidates not Named on the Ballot
The Order of Offices, Parties, and Candidates
Instructions to Voters
Sample Ballots and Ballot Advertising
Printing
Presidential Electors and the Ballot
VI. THE CONDUCT OF
ELECTIONS
The Call of the Election
Frequency of Elections
Election Precincts
Polling Places
Delivery of Election Equipment and Supplies
Hours for Voting
Organization of the Precinct Election Board
Identification of the Voter
Poll Lists
Handling the Ballots
Assistance to Voters
Challenges
Watchers and Challengers
The Count
VII. VOTING
MACHINES
Extent of their Use
Legislation
Operation
Defects of manual counting of paper
ballots
Frauds
Cost of machines and economies
effected
Facility of voting
Quick returns
Recounts
Secrecy
Election officers
Proportional representation
Breakdown of machines
Liability of abandonment
Summary
VIII. ABSENT
VOTING; MAIL VOTING; THE CANVASS; RECOUNTS
Absent Voting
Scope of legislation
Procedure
Summary
Mail Voting
Canvass of Elections
Recounts
IX. ELECTION FRAUDS
Philadelphia
Chicago
Pittsburgh
Cleveland
Election Frauds Elsewhere
Types of Voting Frauds
Registration frauds
Repeating
Ballot-box stuffing
Chain ballots
Assistance to voters
Intimidation and violence
Altering ballots
Substitution of ballots
False count and false returns
Altering returns
Factors and Conditions Responsible for Frauds
Prevention of Frauds
X. ELECTION COSTS
An Excessive Burden
Election Costs in Large Cities
Personnel Costs
Regular Employees
Temporary Employees
Precinct Officers
Operating Expenses
Ballots
Supplies
Printing
Rental
Repairs
Cartage
Storage
Advertising
Financial Control
The Reduction of Costs
XI. STATISTICS
INDEX
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